A Comprehensive Review On The Thermal Conductivity Of Materials: Mechanisms, Measurement Techniques, And Applications

Abstract

With an emphasis on atomic structure, bonding, defect concentration, and microstructural features, this article investigates the variables affecting heat conductivity in metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites. The features of heat transfer, such as temperature, pressure, and material phase changes, are also examined. In metals, thermal conductivity is controlled by electron mobility, but in ceramics and polymers, it is determined by phonon interactions and molecular structure. Additionally covered in the review are experimental and computational approaches to measuring and forecasting thermal conductivity, such as transient or non-steady-state technologies like laser flash and transient hot-wire methods, as well as steady-state approaches like guarded hot plate and heat flow meter measurements. The benefits and drawbacks of each strategy, as well as how well they work with various materials, are also covered in the article. Heat conductivity has been improved using novel materials engineering approaches, including graphene, nanoparticles, nanowires, and composites containing phase-change components or high-conductivity fillers. Electronic heat sinks, thermal interface materials, high-performance computer systems, thermal barrier coatings, cryogenic storage, and energy-efficient architectural designs are some examples of the practical uses for materials with high and low heat conductivity. This research contributes significantly to clean energy, sustainable infrastructure, energy-efficient buildings, and climate resilience, aligning with global sustainability efforts.